Same same but different, would probably be an adequate description when comparing a final approach beginning at 3000 ft vs. one at 10’000 ft. There are differences, some more obvious than others. Without proper preparation, chances are you will get a surprise introduction. This article will summarize some key points for long and high final approaches.

Assessing wind conditions is daily business for pilots. Most of the time, the wind values are easily within limits, but sometimes they get close to the maximum permissible. It is on those occasions that we need to have a clear understanding of the aeronautical wind reports. In this article, we will look at the aerodrome surface wind and how it is reported.

This article aims to make the content of PANS-OPS and ICAO PBN manual more accessible, covering error budgets and obstacle clearance of PBN.